Diario de milewski

Please see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=05HdyCfHXro&t=142s.

https://www.goodreads.com/author/list/4543260.Philip_E_Howse

@lloyd_esler @jeremygilmore @ludwig_muller @ptexis @tonyrebelo @simontonge @matthewinabinett @thebeachcomber @nhudson @stephen_thorpe @tripleaxel @skipperdogman @hedgehog111 @dave_holland @john_barkla @danilo_hegg @butterfly4 @john_early @tedm07 @timharker @mhorwood @paradoxornithidae @intyrely_eco @john8 @tony_wills @jon_sullivan @kokhuitan

...continued from https://www.inaturalist.org/journal/milewski/60765-why-moa-part-1#

Please see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NKTdZFUIfrA&t=2s

Please see https://explorebioedge.com/2020/06/15/__trashed-23/.

@wynand_uys @botaneek @troos @zarek @warrenmcc @davidbygott @capracornelius @dejong @ptexis @christiaan_viljoen @tonyrebelo @jeremygilmore @ludwig_muller @botswanabugs @mr_fab @aguilita @daverichardson @charles_stirton @thebeachcomber @andrew_hankey @sedgesrock @richardgill @geoffnichols @graham_g @reubenheydenrych @craigpeter @ricky_taylor @bartwursten @robert_taylor @francoisdurandt

Please see https://explorebioedge.com/2023/10/18/heaven-on-a-barbed-stick-copy/.

Footnote: who noticed the map of Africa hidden in the branchwork of the tree on the cover page?

@matthewinabinett @ptexis @paradoxornithidae @jeremygilmore @tonyrebelo @ludwig_muller @christiaan_viljoen @davidbygott @capracornelius @simontonge @botswanabugs @karoopixie

Dear Readers, please see https://explorebioedge.com/archive/

Origin of word 'orange' in English, according to Harper D, Online Etymology Dictionary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary):

through Old French 'orenge', Italian 'arancia', and Medieval Latin 'orenge'

alternatively/in parallel, from Arabic 'naranj', via Persian 'narang' (meaning an orange tree), and Sanskrit 'naranga-s' (also meaning an orange tree), derived from a proto-Davidian root

Relevant words in Latin:

Noun: orange = arancium (plural -cii)

orange drink = aranciata (plural - ae)

orange tree = aurantium (plural -ii)

orange-coloured = aurantiacus/um/a

gold (noun and adjective) = aurum (plural -i)

gold coin = aureus (plural -ei)

golden-coloured = aureus/um/a

Examples of 'aurantiacus/um/a' in scientific names:

Anthreptes aurantium
Caladenia aurantiaca
Callosamia aurantiaca
Caloplaca aurantiaca
Caloptilia aurantiaca https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloptilia_aurantiaca
Canna aurantiaca
Carnage aurantiaca
Catocala aurantiaca
Cattleya aurantiaca
Chloroflexus aurantiacus
Chrysomphalina aurantiaca
Citrus aurantium
Coenyra aurantiaca
Coccinea aurantiaca
Cronia aurantiaca
Curcuma aurantiaca
Cypraea aurantium
Diplacus aurantiacus
Halitosis pourtalesii aurantium https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haliotis_pourtalesii_aurantium
Hieracium aurantiacum
Hydnellum aurantiacum
Leccinum aurantiacum
Mimulus aurantiacus
Ossiculum aurantiacum
Scedosporium aurantiacum
Thelocactus conothelos aurantiacus

EXAMPLES OF 'RUFUS' (https://www.perplexity.ai/search/in-scientific-nomenclature-ruf-tz2o1mqdS.S9s87eyR8jXA) IN NOMENCLATURE OF MAMMALS AND BIRDS

Mammals:
Aplodontia rufa
Canis rufus
Lynx rufus
Macropus/Osphranter rufus https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_kangaroo
Microcebus rufus
Stenoderma rufum https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_fruit_bat

Birds:
Alectoris rufa
Anhinga rufa
Calidris canutus rufa
Conirostrum rufum
Furnarius rufus
Phylidor rufum
Sarothrura rufa
Selasphorus rufus
Toxostoma rufum

...continued from https://www.inaturalist.org/journal/milewski/98203-ocular-displays-in-macaques-macaca-part-1-semets-small-scale-patterns-of-conspicuous-colouration-about-the-eyes-in-the-southern-pig-tailed-macaque-macaca-nemestrina#

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-18275-9

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-92348-z

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10329-006-0021-2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_macaque

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebes_crested_macaque

The main ocular display in Macaca fuscata, as in M. nemestrina, is one that accentuates the stare (https://www.alamy.com/japanese-macaque-snow-monkey-close-up-of-face-nagano-japan-image3327912.html). The relevant colouration is the darkness of the sclera immediately adjacent to the iris, which emboldens the whole eye (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wildlife_primate_monkey-of-japan_macaca-fuscata_closeup_31-05-2010.jpg and https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-images-face-japanese-macaque-macaca-fuscata-image32246044).

In M. fuscata, an ocular display is weakly-developed, and possibly absent in adults. The eyelids are pale, particularly in juveniles. The sclera, adjacent to the iris, is certainly dark-pigmented, so that in normal views the pale sclera is negligibly visible. This is so particularly because the pterygium (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eud5AurOxm0) can be large and darkish, narrowing the visible part of the sclera.

However, in both juveniles and adults, there is in fact a vivid display of the white sclera when the animal glances sideways (https://depositphotos.com/photo/japanese-macaque-face-160912740.html and https://www.flickr.com/photos/serad/4363718078/ and https://depositphotos.com/photo/japanese-macaque-face-160912742.html). This applies to glancing looks to either the left or the right.

Such sideways glances are infrequent. However, the display may be significant. It is as if a 'shifty look' is accentuated, in the ocular colouration of M. fuscata, by a white flash of the sclera that is all the more obvious for being offset by the dark band between the white part of the sclera and the iris itself.

The iris of M. fuscata, like the facial bare skin, is

• of intermediate tone (neither pale nor dark), and
• individually variable in tone.

https://www.istockphoto.com/video/close-up-of-macaque-monkey-being-surprised-gm1201550079-344622879?searchscope=image%2Cfilm

https://pngtree.com/freebackground/japan-macaque-red-closeup-fur-photo_4702694.html

https://www.japan-experience.com/plan-your-trip/to-know/traveling-japan/japanese-macaque

https://www.ross.no/2020/01/30/japanese-macaque-macaca-fuscata/

https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=888342613333442&set=japanese-macaques-unique-faces-become-more-red-during-breeding-seasondo-you-have

https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/panese-monkey-enjoys-outdoor-bath-1038883006

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AtI0p6_8-z0

https://photodune.net/item/japanese-macaque-macaca-fuscata-portrait/49642424

https://www.bigstockphoto.com/image-239349544/stock-photo-the-portrait-of-a-japanese-macaque-%28-macaca-fuscata%29-making-funny-faces

https://es.123rf.com/photo_114496473_the-japanese-macaque-scientific-name-macaca-fuscata-also-known-as-the-snow-monkey-close-up-portrait.html

https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/close-portrait-japanese-macaque-macaca-fuscata-2198213003

https://pixabay.com/photos/snow-monkey-japanese-macaque-japan-3970281/

https://www.pixoto.com/images-photography/animals/other-mammals/alpha-male-11067947

https://pixabay.com/photos/snow-monkey-japanese-macaque-japan-3970270/

https://de.photo-ac.com/photo/3069015/monkey-face-zoom

https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/celebes-crested-macaque-macaca-nigra-known-2395606443

https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/crested-black-macaque-gm1297108182-390334244

Primates in the Americas are remarkably small-bodied (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_monkey).

There are no gummivorous (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gummivore) primates in Asia.

Primates in Madagascar (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Madagascar) tend to be solitary rather than gregarious.

Of the primates with irregular activity, all but one species live in Madagascar (https://www.inaturalist.org/posts/98222-sundry-points-about-the-biogeography-and-life-history-strategies-of-primates#activity_comment_891fab46-f9fd-477d-bcdc-df22efebcadc).

Only Asia has strictly animal-eating primates (https://www.perplexity.ai/search/which-primates-eat-only-animal-Ld3FqEDFQhSuZPVXIceKlw).

There are no strictly greens-eating primates in the Americas (https://www.perplexity.ai/search/which-primates-eat-only-animal-Ld3FqEDFQhSuZPVXIceKlw).

Colobines (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colobinae) grow rapidly compared to non leaf-eating monkeys

Callitrichids (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callitrichidae) grow rapidly compared to other monkeys

Lorises (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorisidae) have slow growth and long gestation for strepsirrhines (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strepsirrhini)

Cheirogaleids (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheirogaleidae) have short gestation periods and rapid growth compared to lemurs (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemuridae)

Strepsirrhines (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strepsirrhini) have small neonates and large litters compared to haplorrhines (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplorhini)

@paradoxornithidae @tonyrebelo @jeremygilmore @beartracker @matthewinabinett

Also see https://www.inaturalist.org/posts/54893-ocular-displays-and-what-we-should-call-them-part-2#

Macaca nemestrina (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_pig-tailed_macaque) differs from other cercopithecid monkeys in having eyes with conspicuous colouration.

Furthermore, the pattern of colouration varies greatly within this species, based on age and sex.

In females (https://www.gettyimages.dk/detail/photo/female-southern-pig-tailed-macaque-royalty-free-image/572636219?adppopup=true) and juveniles, the eye is somewhat similar to that in Homo sapiens (https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-1018659601-southern-pig-tailed-macaque-macaca-nemestrina-portrait).

The sclera (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclera) is unpigmented, and is exposed by the wide configuration of the eyelids (albeit not as wide as in the human species).

Please see https://www.simiansociety.org/nonhuman-primate-species/pigtail-macaque/.

This 'white' sclera is most conspicuous when the animal glances sideways (https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/sad-macaque-macaca-nemestrina-gm508666008-85394433?searchscope=image%2Cfilm and https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=822538356577658&set=pb.100064645033286.-2207520000 and https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/portrait-of-southern-pig-tailed-macaque-macaca-nemestrina-resting-on-a-tree-trunk-gm1418048240-464891924?searchscope=image%2Cfilm and https://www.gettyimages.dk/detail/photo/macaque-wisdom-royalty-free-image/535506761?adppopup=true).

In mature males (https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/male-southern-pig-tailed-macaque-a-medium-sized-old-world-monkey-is-in-natural-gm1016032602-273380979?searchscope=image%2Cfilm and https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/adult-southern-pig-tailed-macaque-or-sunda-pig-tailed-macaque-gm1303623601-395019844?searchscope=image%2Cfilm), a different kind of colouration becomes conspicuous, as follows:

• the sclera is downplayed, and
• what is instead subject to dark/pale contrast is the iris vs the inner upper eyelid - which is the palest part of the face (https://www.projectnoah.org/spottings/8055423).

The ocular (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ocular) colouration in females and juveniles seems to communicate attention and intention, somewhat as in the human species. That in adult males seems instead simply to emphasise the stare, which is fundamentally antagonistic.

At least in part, the eyes of M. nemestrina are among the most human-like among higher primates (https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/male-pig-tailed-macaque-macaca-nemestrina-eating-an-ananas-fruit-gm2143603643-568707765?searchscope=image%2Cfilm and https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/male-pig-tailed-macaque-macaca-nemestrina-eating-an-ananas-fruit-gm2143602589-568707718?searchscope=image%2Cfilm).

Adult females:

https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/selected-focus-wild-southern-pigtailed-macaque-1673317477

https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/southern-pigtailed-macaque-macaca-nemestrina-portrait-2494296595

https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/mother-child-southern-pigtailed-macaque-macaca-1118599595

https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/southern-pigtailed-macaque-macaca-nemestrina-known-2163532001

https://www.mediastorehouse.com.au/danita-delimont/malaysia-borneo-sepilok-close-southern-13923309.html

https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/monkey-or-wild-southern-pig-tailed-macaque-gm1299267689-391941426?searchscope=image%2Cfilm

https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/monkey-or-wild-southern-pig-tailed-macaque-gm1299269413-391941448?searchscope=image%2Cfilm

Infants and juveniles:

https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/pig-tailed-macaque-gm462388163-31876366?searchscope=image%2Cfilm

https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/juvenile-pigtailed-macaque-macaca-nemestrina-isolated-364021712

https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/southern-pigtailed-macaque-macaca-nemestrina-nature-1119315731

Mature males:

https://www.naturepl.com/stock-photo-southern-pig-tailed-macaque-macaca-nemestrina--portrait-captive-nature-image01693476.html

https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/southern-pigtailed-macaque-macaca-nemestrina-large-2468167679

https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/monkey-pigtailed-macaque-99088430

https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/southern-pig-tailed-macaque-gm885224742-245991544?searchscope=image%2Cfilm

https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/portrait-of-pig-tailed-macaque-gm591985966-101652289?searchscope=image%2Cfilm

Also see https://www.gettyimages.dk/detail/news-photo/pigtail-macaque-nestles-on-a-heating-radiator-to-keep-warm-news-photo/138513032?adppopup=true

to be continued in...